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Ballast

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Electronic ballast for HMI lamps that generates ignition voltage up to 65,000 volts and uses 20–50 kHz high-frequency current to eliminate flicker.

Technical Details

Magnetic ballasts operate at 50/60 Hz mains frequency and produce a 100/120 Hz flicker, which leads to banding with cameras using electronic shutters. Electronic ballasts (EVG) operate lamps with high frequencies between 20-50 kHz and eliminate flicker almost completely. Modern flicker-free ballasts achieve frequencies of 1,000 Hz and allow shooting with shutter speeds up to 1/2000 second without visible artifacts. The ignition voltage for HMI lamps is 20,000-65,000 volts, after which the ballast regulates down to an operating voltage of 90-575 volts.

History & Development

OSRAM developed the first film-compatible HMI ballasts in 1969 together with the German company Geyer. Arri launched the first series-production flicker-free ballasts for 2.5/4 kW HMI lights in 1975. Electronic Theatre Controls (ETC) introduced digital ballasts with DMX control in 1991. From 2005 onwards, switch-mode power supplies became established, reducing weight by up to 60% and increasing efficiency to over 95%.

Practical Use in Film

For "Blade Runner 2049" (2017), DoP Roger Deakins exclusively used flicker-free ballasts to achieve extreme slow-motion sequences without banding. In "The Revenant" (2015), portable 1.2 kW Arri Electronic Ballasts enabled lighting in remote Canadian forests without generators. Standard workflows use 2.5/4 kW ballasts for daylight simulation and 6/12 kW units for large area lights. The disadvantage: ballasts generate their own noise of 35-45 dB, which can be disruptive during sound recording.

Comparison & Alternatives

In contrast to transformers for tungsten lamps, ballasts work with complex electronics for arc stabilization. LED lights require drivers instead of ballasts, consuming 80% less power for the same light output. Plasma lights like the Hive Plasma use 2.4 GHz microwave technology and require specialized high-frequency generators. Modern remote phosphor LED systems (Creamsource, Litepanels) are increasingly replacing HMI setups under 4 kW.

From the crafts

Perspectives

Cinematographer

Ich wähle grundsätzlich Flicker-Free-Ballasts ab 1.000 Hz, um bei High-Speed-Aufnahmen oder elektronischen Shuttern keine Streifenbildung zu riskieren. Die 6 kW Arri M-Series Ballasts platziere ich mindestens 15 Meter vom Set entfernt, da ihr Lüftergeräusch selbst bei "Silent Mode" noch 38 dB erreicht und in Dialog-Szenen hörbar wird.

Director

Mir ist wichtig, dass die Ballasts schnelle Dimmvorgänge ermöglichen - für Sonnenuntergangs-Szenen dimme ich HMI-Leuchten über DMX-gesteuerte Vorschaltgeräte kontinuierlich von 100% auf 35% herunter. Bei Nachtszenen nutze ich die Möglichkeit, Ballasts während der Aufnahme komplett stumm zu schalten, auch wenn das die Lampenlebensdauer verkürzt.

Producer

Electronic Ballasts kosten zwar 40% mehr als magnetische, sparen aber täglich 200-300 Euro Generatorkosten durch 15% höhere Effizienz bei 12 kW Setups. Ich kalkuliere immer Backup-Ballasts ein, da ein Defekt eine komplette Unit für 4-6 Stunden lahmlegt - bei Tageslicht-Exteriors ein produktionskritisches Risiko.

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