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Camera · Terms

Back Focus

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Distance between lens mount and sensor; must be precisely calibrated for correct focus. PL-Mount: 52mm, Canon EF: 44mm.

Technical Details

The back focus differs from the flange focal distance (FFD), which is measured from the lens mount to the image plane. Standard values are: PL mount 52mm, Canon EF 44mm, Sony E-mount 18mm, Micro Four Thirds 19.25mm. Precise adjustment is made via a knurled system on professional cameras with an accuracy of ±0.02mm. Deviations lead to systematic focusing errors, which are particularly noticeable at wide apertures and with telephoto lenses. The back focus is calibrated using a focus chart or collimator.

History & Development

The back focus system evolved in the 1960s with the introduction of interchangeable lens systems for 16mm cameras. Arriflex established the current industry standard with a 52mm back focus with the PL mount (Positive Lock) in 1982. The digital revolution from 2000 onwards brought shorter back focus distances, as electronic sensors require less space than film transport mechanisms. Modern mirrorless systems use back focus values below 20mm, thus enabling more compact lens designs.

Practical Use in Film

Every camera change or lens swap requires a back focus check, especially in multi-camera setups for continuous cutting. Christopher Nolan insists on daily back focus calibration of all cameras for his productions. On "Dunkirk" (2017), this practice prevented focusing errors during the elaborate IMAX sequences. Zoom lenses are particularly sensitive to back focus deviations, as the focus must remain constant across the entire focal length range. Adapters for third-party lens systems alter the effective back focus and require corresponding correction.

Comparison & Alternatives

Back focus refers exclusively to the mechanical mounting, while front focus describes optical focusing. Mirrorless cameras partially compensate for back focus deviations through electronic correction in live view. Traditional film and DSLR cameras require mechanically precise adjustment, as the optical viewfinder receives the focusing image directly from the lens. Modern cinema cameras like the Arri Alexa offer factory back focus adjustment via precision threads, while more affordable systems rely on shims.

From the crafts

Perspectives

Cinematographer

Ich kontrolliere den Back Focus täglich mit einem Kollimator, besonders bei kritischen Nahaufnahmen oder beim Wechsel zwischen verschiedenen Kameragehäusen. Falsch eingestellter Back Focus macht alle meine Fokusmarkierungen unbrauchbar und führt zu weichen Bildern, die in der Post nicht korrigierbar sind. Bei Zoom-Objektiven teste ich den gesamten Brennweitenbereich, da sich hier Abweichungen am stärksten zeigen.

Director

Für mich bedeutet präziser Back Focus die Gewissheit, dass emotionale Momente durch perfekte Schärfe unterstützt werden und nicht durch technische Unzulänglichkeiten verwässert. Wenn ich spontan zwischen verschiedenen Kameras wechsle oder Handkamera-Sequenzen drehe, muss ich mich darauf verlassen können, dass der Fokus sitzt. Unschärfe als Gestaltungsmittel funktioniert nur, wenn sie kontrolliert eingesetzt wird.

Producer

Back Focus-Probleme kosten Zeit und Geld, da fehlerhafte Takes wiederholt werden müssen oder in der Post aufwendig korrigiert werden. Ich sorge dafür, dass qualifizierte Camera Assistants eingeplant sind, die täglich die Kalibrierung durchführen können. Bei Multi-Kamera-Produktionen investiere ich in professionelle Mess-Equipment, da unterschiedliche Back Focus-Einstellungen zu Problemen beim Schnitt führen.

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